![]() The antibodies that are typically produced are grouped into five major classes (ie, isotypes), and each isotype is designated by a letter attached to an abbreviation of the word immunoglobulin: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens to destroy them and subsequently remove them from the body. ![]() 3 Serology (antibody) assaysĪn antibody, also called immunoglobulin, is an adaptive protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. The median incubation period of COVID-19 is 5.1 days and it is expected that nearly all infected persons will exhibit symptoms within 12 to 14 days of infection. The virus is transmitted through contact with respiratory secretions from an infected person. Some progress to viral pneumonia and multiorgan failure. Most infected people recover spontaneously. Infected people do not always exhibit symptoms and can be asymptomatic throughout the course with viral shedding. 2Ĭommon signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection include headache, muscle pain, fever/chills, sore throat, abdominal pain, cough/shortness of breath, loss of smell/taste, diarrhea, etc. Unlike all human coronaviruses that cause mild respiratory symptoms, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with severe respiratory diseases. The reported cases of SARS-CoV in 2003 in Asia did not widely spread in the U.S. They are the second most common cause of the “common cold.” MERS-CoV pathogen illness was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012, and only 2 cases were reported in the United States by May 2014. Infections are mildly asymptomatic and associated with mild to moderate illness in children and adults. Predominant species may vary by region, year, and season. These less virulent species are globally distributed. These include highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV along with less virulent but common species HKI1, NL63, OC43, and 229E. There are six major species known to cause human infections besides SARS-CoV-2. They are a frequent cause of respiratory infections. They are a large family of single-stranded RNA viruses that can be isolated from different animal species. 1Ĭoronaviruses were first identified in the mid-1960s and named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. As of May 23, 2020, more than 5.3 million cases have been reported with 350,000 deaths. This beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have originated in Wuhan City in China and then spread worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has threatened global public health and is associated in particular with respiratory-related morbidity and mortality.
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